Objective : The two years Distance Learning Master of Science (M.Sc.) Degree in Ecology and Environment being conducted by the Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and Technological Sciences (SMU) from the University's Learning Centre at the Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment, New Delhi has been designed for meeting the demand of the growing needs of experts in the fields of Ecology, Environment, Pollution Control, Environmental Laws, Impact Assessment, Natural Resources Conservation and Management, Environmental Education and Mother Earth Protection.

Eligibility : Graduates of any discipline (Arts / Commerce / Science / Engg. / Medicine / Agriculture / Law etc).

Duration : Two years

Examination : To be conducted every year in July and February at Andhra Pradesh : Hyderabad, Sikanderabad, Tirupati, Vijayawada, Visakhapatnam; Andaman and Nicobar : Port Blair; Assam : Dibrugarh, Guwahati, Jorhat, Silchar, Siliguri; Bihar : Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur, Patna; Chandigarh : Chandigarh; Chhattisgarh : Bhilai Nagar, Raipur; China : Chongoing; Goa : Salcete; Gujarat : Ahmedabad, Kutch, Rajkot, Surat, Vadodara; Haryana : Faridabad, Gurgaon, Karnal, Rohtak; Himachal Pradesh : Shimla; Jammu & Kashmir : Jammu, Srinagar, Udhampur; Jharkhand : Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Ranchi; Karnataka : Bangalore, Belgaum, Davanagere, Hubli, Manipal, Mysore, Shimoga; Kerala : Alappuzha Dist., Cochin, Kottayam, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Tiruchirapalli, Tiruvananthapuram; Maharashtra: Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune; Manipur : Imphal; Meghalaya : Shillong; Madhya Pradesh : Bhopal, Gwalior, Indore, Jabalpur, Ujjain; Nagaland : Dimapur; Nepal : Janakpur Dham, Kathmandu; New Delhi : New Delhi; Orissa : Bhubaneshwar, Punjab : Barnala, Bhatinda, Jalandhar Cantt., Ludhiana, Patiala, Pathankot; Rajasthan : Bhilwara, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Sriganganagar; Udaipur; Sikkim : Gangtok, Rangpo; Sri Lanka : Battaramulla; Tamilnadu : Chennai, Coimbatore; Tripura : Agartala; Uttar Pradesh : Agra, Aligarh, Allahabad, Ghaziabad, Gorakhpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Meerut, Moradabad, Noida, Varanasi; Uttarakhand : Dehradun; West Bengal : Asansol, Darjeeling, Howrah, Kolkata.

Award : Two Years Master of Science (M.Sc.) with specialisation in Ecology and Environment shall be awarded to all the successful candidates by Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and Technological Sciences, Gangtok.

Teaching Methodology : The Learning Centre of the University at New Delhi will receive the completed applications and the fee from the students and provide all facilities including counselling, lessons, guidance, assignment sheets etc.

Study Materials : Printed lessons will be despatched from the New Delhi based Learning Centre of the University. The assignments will also be sent to the admitted participants from time to time. These assignments will be completed by the participants as an integral part of the Master's Degree Programme.

Medium of Instruction : Lessons are in English and so the students are required to appear in the examination in English.

Tuition and Other Fee : The total fee for the two years distance learning Master's Degree Programme is Rs. 25,700 payable in four instalments. The first instalment of Rs. 7,000 is payable at the time of admission. The second instalment of Rs. 6,000, third instalment of Rs. 6,700 and fourth instalment of Rs. 6,000 is payable in the sixth, twelfth and eighteenth month.

Examination Scheme : Each paper is of 100 marks out of which 30 marks are for practicals and internal assessment where as 70 marks are for written examination to be held at different examination centres in and outside the country.

Master's Thesis : All admitted participants will be submitting a Master's Thesis based on any topic related to ecology, environment, pollution control, depolluting technologies etc.

Detailed Curriculam of Ecology and Environment

INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

1. CONCEPTS OF ECOLOGY : Objectives; Relation to Other Sciences; Subdivisions of Ecology; History of Ecology; Ecological Concepts; General Ecological Considerations; Ecosystems and their Functioning; The Biosphere and its Functioning; Factors Influencing Population Growth; Limits to Population Growth; Carrying Capacity; Limiting Factors and Their Operation; Diversity versus Simplicity; Biotic Succession and Land Rehabilitation.

2. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY : Dominance of Species in a Community; Succession; Hydrosere; Plant Sere; Animal Sere; Bogs; Plant Bog Sere; Rock, Sand and Clay Sere; Rock Sere; Animal Life; Clay Sere; Floodplain Sere.

3. ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY : Ecosystem Components; Ecological Pyramids; Productivity Concept; Ecomodelling; Ecological Energies.

4. MAJOR ECOSYSTEMS OF THE WORLD : Northern Coniferous Forest; Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome; Grasslands; Deserts; Tropical Rain Forests; Aquatic Ecosystems; Pond Ecosystem; Estuaries.

5. GEOGRAPHICAL ECOLOGY : Dispersal Dynamics; Dispersal Pathways; Migration; Ecesis; Distributional Units; Paleoecology and The Emergence of Man.

6. MARINE ECOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT : Habitat; Tides; Substratum; Pressure; Temperature and Currents; Light; Salinity; Oxygen; Plankton; Abundance; Yearly Cycle; Nekton; Oceanic Plankton and Nekton Biome; Composition and Characteristics; Food Chains; Productivity; Balanoid-Gastropod-Thallophyte Biome.

7. EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY : Characteristics of the Niche; Interspecific Competition; Competitive Exclusion Principle; Species Diversity.

8. POLITICAL ECOLOGY : A Framework for Understanding; Contextual Sources of Environmental Change; Conflict Over Access; Political Ramifications of Environmental Change; Synopsis and Implications.

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STATE OF INDIA'S ENVIRONMENT

1. LAND MANAGEMENT : Grazing Lands; Soil in Relation to Plant Development; Humus and Microorganisms; Development of Soil; Soil Profile; Zonal Soil Groups; Land Degradation.

2. FOREST MANAGEMENT : Forest Types; Role of Forests; Forest Management; Classification of Forest Lands; Administrative Classification of Forests; Classification of Forests; Social Forestry.

3. ATMOSPHERE : Composition of the Atmosphere; Major Regions of the Atmosphere; Particles in the Atmosphere; Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere; Reaction of Atmospheric Nitrogen; Reaction of Atmospheric Oxygen; Water in the Atmosphere; Fog; Temperature of the Air Layer Near the Ground; Evolution of the Atmosphere.

4. HYDROSPHERE : Biological Method of Zonation; Lentic Environment; Complexation in Natural Water and Waste Water; Humic Substances; Nitrogen Fixation; Nitrification; Nitrate Reduction; Denitrification; The Nitrogen Cycle; Eutrophication; Water Circulation.

5. DAMS : Clear Policy; Two-Fold Benefits; Anti-Dam Campaigns; Organised Tribals; Future Issues; Dams and Forests; Dams and People, Meagre Compensation; Nightmarish Experience; Resettlement Problems; Helping Hands; Rehabilitation Policy; Alternatives to Big Dams; Potential Capacity; Emerging Problems; Increasing Water Logging; Small is Beautiful; The Tehri Dam - A Case Study; Existence of TBVSS and Formation of Working Group on Environmental Impact of Tehri Dam; Final Report of Working Group; Rehabilitation Problem.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH : Definition of Environmental Health; Man and Environment; Historical Perspective; Man-Environment Relationships; Life Support; Residues and Wastes; Environmental Hazards; Biological; Chemical; Physical; Sociological and Psychological; Principles of Environmental Control; Isolation; Substitution; Shielding; Treatment; Prevention; Environmental Health Problems in India; Conclusion.

7. HABITAT : Migration as a Strategy; Slum as solution; The Housing Crisis; Slum City; A Tale of Three Cities; Cities as a Collection of Shacks.

8. PEOPLE & ENVIRONMENT : Population and Environment; Indian Prospects; Caste and Environment; Niche Diversification; Women and Environment; Women and Natural Resources; Technology Introduction; Drinking Water; Malnourished Workers.

9. LIVING RESOURCES : Genetic Resources; Threat to Genetic Diversity; Valuable Indian Genes; Indian Animal Breeds; Insect Germplasm; Conserving Micro-Organisms; Medicinal Herbs; Crop Genetic Resources; Varieties of Rice; Animal Genetic Resources; Fish Genetic Resources; Tree Genetic Resources; Strange Creatures of India.

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ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

1. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION : Meaning and Scope; Background and Principles; Objectives of Environmental Education; Recommendations Concerning Environmental Education; Recommendations on Formal Education Needs; Strategies at National, Regional and International Levels; Action Plans.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT : Key Concepts of Environmental Management; Philosophical, Ethical and Technical Principles of Ethical Management; Characteristics of Environmental Management; Some Environment Management Approaches; Standard Setting; Economic Policies; Environmental Organization; Environmental Indicators.

3. INDIAN RIVERS : Origin of Rivers; Rivers in India; River and its Major Tributaries; Indus Water Treaty; River Ganga; Central Ganga Authority; River Gomti; Kali Nadi; River Chambal; River Bandi; River Brahmaputra; Brahmaputra Board; River Yamuna; River Narmada; Narmada Control Authority; Sardar Sarovar Construction Advisory Committee; River Tapti; River Subarnarekha, River Godavari; River Krishna; River Koyna; River Tungabhadra; Tungabhadra Board; River Aliyar; River Periyar; River Cauvery; River Damodar; River Sabarmati; River Ib; River Mahi.

4. HIMALAYA : Environmental Hazards in the Himalayas; The Higher Himalaya; Geography of the Humalaya; The Transverse Sub-divisions of the Himalaya; Water Resources; Agricultural Systems; Animal Husbandry; Grassland; Tourism; Land Resources and Tourism; Agriculture & Tourism; Forest Wealth and Tourism; Wildlife and Tourism; Industrialization;

5. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT: Carbon and Oxygen Cycles; Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Cycle.

6. POLLUTION : WHAT, WHERE & WHY ? : What is Pollution ? Air Pollution; Meteorological Factors Responsible for Air Pollution; Types and Sources of Air Pollution; Effects of Air Pollution on our Cultural Assets; Air Pollution Control; Water Pollution; Sources of Water Pollution; Tolerance Limit for Pollutants Present in Water; Soil Pollution; Source of Soil Pollution; Food Pollution; Adulteration, Pollution and Contamination of Food; Chemical Pollutants; Adulterants; Microbial Toxins; Natural Organic Toxicants; Noise Pollution; Units of Noise.

7. MINING & ENVIRONMENT : Methods of Mining; Impact of Mining; An Approach to Impact Identification of Mining Operation; Environmental Management; Legislation in India.

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POPULATION AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY

1. ECOLOGY OF POPULATIONS : Population Attributes; Population Sizes; Population Estimates; Population Density; Spatial Distribution; Sex Ratios and Age Structures; Life Tables; Population Theories.

2. SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AND POPULATION INTERACTION : Territorialism; Dominance Hierarchies; Social Behaviour in Population Regulation; Population Interaction; Commensalism; Mutualism; Symbiosis; Predation; Parasitism; Classification; Evolution of Parasitism; Modifications and Adaptations; Hyperparasites; Parthenogenic and Non Parthenogenic Parasites; Competition; Amensalism and Antibiosis; Aggregations; Allelochemistry; Protocooperation; Conclusion.

3. WORLD POPULATION GROWTH : Population Alarm; Trends in Population Growth; Dependency Ratio; India’s Population Situation; Population Density; Sex Ratio; Demographic Transition in India; Urbanisation; Problem of Housing; Traffic Problems; Shortage of Open Space; Crowding.

4. THE PSYCHO-SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF CROWDING : Effects of Overcrowding on Animals; Stimulus Overload Model; Behavioural Constraints Model; Ecological Model; Attribution Model; Stress and Arousal Model; Effects of Stress on Health; Effects of Crowding

5. ECOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF MAN : Essential Questions for Man’s Future; Oxygen Supply and Air Quality; Water Supplies; Space on Earth; Distributional Inequality; Violence and War; Adaptive Capabilities of Man; World-Wide Environmental Issues; Climatic Changes/

Green House Effect; Risks to Ozone Layer; Acid Rain; Pollution of World’s Oceans.

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NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION

1. NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT : Natural Resources; Definition; Classification of Natural Resources; Conservation and Management of Natural Resources; Land; Land Use and Abuse; Rural Land-use Planning; Urban Land-use Planning; Management of Land; Water Requirements and Uses; Problems and Management of Water; Future Needs and Alternate Sources of Water; Agriculture; Forestry; Importance of Forests.

2. WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN INDIA : Importance of Conservation; Reasons for Dwindle; Classification of Scarce Wildlife; Methods of Wildlife Conservation; History of Wildlife Conservation; Wildlife Conservation in India; Endangered Species of India; Modes of Wildlife Conservation in India; Man: An Endangered Species; The Future.

3. FLORAL AND FAUNAL DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA : Ecological Sub-Division; The Himalayan Mountain System; The Himalayan Foothills; The High Altitude Region of Western Himalayas.

4. ENDANGERED SPECIES OF INDIA : Threat to Plant Species; Main Causes of Threat to Species; Area Vulnerable to Rarity and Extinction of Species in India; Himalaya and Eastern India; Rajasthan and Gujarat; Gangetic Plain; Peninsular India; Andaman & Nicobar Islands;

5. ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES IN INDIA : Ethnobotany; Importance of Indian Ethnobotany; Areas in India Rich for Ethnobotanical Study; Recent Studies; Methodologies of Ethnobotanical Research; Other Aspects of Ethnobotany.

6. BIO-RESOURCES : Conservation and Management; International Biological Programme (IBP); Man and Biosphere (MAB); The MAB Identified 14 Projects; World Wildlife Fund.

7. WILDLIFE RESERVES AND NATIONAL PARKS IN INDIA : National Park; Sanctuary; A Protected Area; Legislation, Development and Impact of Wildlife; Plan Allocation for Wildlife Sanctuaries; Plan Allocation for National Park; National Parks and Sanctuaries in India; Tourism; Its Impact of Wildlife; Conclusion.

8. CONCEPTS OF ENERGY : Source of Energy; Uses of Energy; Fuel; Role of Fuels in Everyday Life; Classification of Fuels; Advantages of Liquid and Gaseous Fuels Over Solid Fuels; Wood; Charcoal is a better Fuel than Wood; Carbon Cycle; Fossil Fuels; Fluidised-bed Combustion; How Fossil Fuels were formed; Sun is the Ultimate Source of Fossil Fuels; Coal; Importance of Coal; Use of Coal; Origin of Oil; Petroleum; Occurrence of Petroleum.

9. ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY : Energy Situation in India; Renewable Sources of Energy; Solar Energy; Use of Solar Energy for Electricity Production; Utilization of Solar Energy in India; Utilization of Solar Energy for Various Purposes; Biomass and Biogas; Uses of Biogas; Wind Energy; Utilization of Wind Energy in India; Uses of Wind-Energy; Limitations of Wind Energy; Energy from the Sea; Wave Energy; Tidal Energy; Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC); Geothermal Energy; Nuclear Energy.

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND LAW

1. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : Introduction; A Disheartening Trend; Land Degradation; Deforestation; Forest Conservation; Wildlife Conservation; National Forest Policy; Pollution Control; Ganga Action Plan; Response to Environmental Challenges; National Environmental Advisory Committee; New Legislative International Cooperation and Legislation for Environmental Protection.

2. AIR POLLUTION : Classification of Pollutants; Natural Contaminants; Primary and Secondary Air Pollutants; Air Pollution Due to Automobiles; Air Pollution from Major Industrial Operations; Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health; Health Effects; Air Pollution on Animals; Air Pollution Effects on Farm Animals; Symptoms of Chronic Air Pollution; Mechanisms of Deterioration in Polluted Atmospheres; Factors Influencing Atmospheric Deterioration; Effects on Art Treasures; Effect on Art Treasures in India; Effect on Art Treasures in Other Countries.

3. WATER POLLUTION : Major Water Pollutants; Sources of Water Pollution; Water Pollution by Agriculture; Water Pollution by Mining Industry; Water Pollution by Stock Breeding and Fisheries; Water Pollution by Urban Activity; Water Pollution by Manufacturing Industry; case studies on water pollution.

4. NOISE POLLUTION : Preliminary; Definitions; General Powers of the Central Government; Appointment of Officers and their Powers and Functions; Offences by Companies; Offences by Government Departments; Miscellaneous; Cognizance of Offences; Information, Ministry of Environment and Forests; Functions of Environmental Laboratories; Qualifications of Government Analyst; Mannner of Giving Notice; Furnishing of Information to Authorities and Agencies in Certain Cases.

6. AIR POLLUTION ACT 1981 : Preliminary; Central and State Boards for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution; Terms and Conditions of Service of Members; Disqualifications; Vacation of Seats by Members; Meeting of Board; Constitution of Committees; Vacancy in Board not to invalidate Acts or Proceedings; Powers and Functions of Boards; Functions of Central Board; Functions of State Boards; Power to give Directions; Prevention and Control of Air Pollution; Persons Carrying on Industry; etc., not to Allow Emission of Air Pollutants in Excess of the Standards laid down by State Board; Power of Board to make Application to Court for Restraining Persons from Causing Air Pollution; Furnishing of Information to State Board and other Agencies in Certain Cases; Power of Entry and Inspection; Power to Obtain Information; Power to take Samples of Air or Emission and Procedure to be Followed in Connection there with; State Boards Constituted under the Water; Dissolution of State Boards Constituted under the Act; Maintenance of Register; Power of Central Government to Make Rules; Power of State Government to Make Rules.

7. WATER POLLUTION ACT 1974 : Preliminary; Definitions; The Central and State Boardsfor Prevention and Control of Water Pollution; Constitution of State Boards; Terms and Conditions of Service of Members; Provision Regarding Existing Discharge of Sewage or Trade Effluent; Refusal or Withdrawal of Consent by State Board; Power to give Directions; Funds, Accounts and Audit, Contributions by State Government; Fund of Central Board; Fund of State Board; Compulsory Acquisition of land for the State Board; Returns and Reports; Bar of Jurisdiction.

8. AIR POLLUTION-LEGAL CONTROL : Air Quality and Emission Standards; Air Quality Standards; Definition; Single or Multiple Standards; Kinds of Air Quality Standards; Ambient Air Quality Standards; Other Air Quality Standards; Emission Standards; Emission Standards for Mobile Sources; Emission Standards for Stationary Sources; Air Pollution Legislation and Regulations; Constitution of the Board; Functions of the Central Board; Functions of the State Boards; Classification of Pollution Sources; Scheduled Industries.

9. WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972 : Preliminary, Short title; Extent and Commencement, Definitions; Authorities to be Appointed or Constituted Under the Act; Appointment of Director and other Officers; Appointment of Chief Wildlife Warden and other Officers; Power to Delegate; Constitution of Wildlife Advisory Board.

10. THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) AMENDMENT ACT, 1991 : Short Title and Commencement; Amendment of Long Title, need for amendment, benefits of 1991 Act , role of activists in local issues and matters.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT : Environmental Inventory; Environmental Assessment; Environment Impact Statement; Historical Perspective; Environmental Assessment Process; Goals of EIA Process; Basic Contents of an Impact Statement; Basic to the Process; Discription of Environmental Setting; Impact prediction and Assessment; Selection of Proposed Action; Preparation of Environmental Impact Statement; Prepare draft EIS; Circulation of draft EIS to Others for Preparing final EIS; Conclusion.

2. METHODS OF IMPACT ANALYSIS : What is meant by a Methodology ? Purposes of Environmental Assessment Methods; Comparative Studies of Methodologies; Warner and Preston Study, Smith Study.

3. AIR ENVIRONMENT : Steps for Prediction & Assessment; Information on Air Pollution.

4. WATER ENVIRONMENT : Introduction; Basic Steps; Basic Information on Water Pollution

5. NOISE ENVIRONMENT : Steps for Prediction/Assessment on Noise Pollution.

6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT : Steps for Prediction and Assessment; Basic Information on the Socioeconomic Environment

7. CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT : Introduction; Basic Steps of Prediction and Assessment; Basic Information on Cultural Resources

8. BIO ENVIRONMENT : Steps for Prediction and Assessment on Ecology.

9. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION : Introduction; Basic Definitions and Concepts; Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Participation; Objectives of Public Participation, Practical Suggestions for Public/Peoples Participation; Incorporation of Results; Selecting Among Alternatives; Steps in Weighted-Ranking Technique.

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POLLUTION MONITORING AND CONTROL

1. AIR POLLUTION MONITORING : Introduction; Classification of Sampling Methods; Difficulties encountered in Sampling; Instruments for Sampling Waste Gases and for Atmospheric Sampling; Duration of Sampling Period; Location of Sampling Sites; Sampling of Particulates; Sampling Suspended Particulates by High Volume Filtration (The High Volume Sampler); Air Sampler Operation; Filters Used in High Volume Air Sampling; Stack Sampling Techniques; Planning the Study; Selection of Sampling Location; Representative Sample; Size of Sampling Point; Traverse Points; Isokinetic Conditions; Determination of Gas Composition; Determination of Moisture Content; Determination of Temperature; Determination of Velocity; Gaseous Sampling; Methods for Collection of Gaseous Samples.

2. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL : Introduction; Control of Gaseous Contaminants; Combustion; Absorption; Adsorption; Closed Circuit and Recovery Systems; Odours and Their Control; Background Information About Odours; Source of Odours; Measurement of Odour; Determination of the Threshold Concentration; Determination of the Type and Intensity of Odours; Odour Control; Modification of the Process; Dilution by Ventilation or Dispersal; Combustion or Oxidation; Catalytic Incineration; Odour Masking; Odour Counteraction; Control of Air Pollution by Process Changes; Substitution of Raw Materials or Fuels; Modification of the Process; Modification or Replacement of the Process Equipment; Changes in Operational Practices; Case Studies; Chemical Industry; Description of Conventional Contract Process; Description of the DCDA Process.

3. GANGA ACTION PLAN : Ganga : The Holy River; Ganga; From Gomukh to Bay of Bengal; Ganga; Its importance, Ganga; Overuse, Abuse and Pollution; What is River Pollution? What are the Principal Sources of Pollution? How to measure the extent of pollution ? Concern for the River; Formulation of the Ganga Action Plan; What does the Action Plan seek to do? River Front Facilities; Low Cost Sanitation; Construction of Electric Crematoria; Co-Financing & Pooling of Resources; Pollution from Industries; Scientific Content in the Context of Ganga Action Plan; Promotion of Research in Relevant Areas; Interaction with Scientists and Technologists; Organisational Arrangements and Monitoring of Progress; Monitoring of Progress; Public Involvement in the Ganga Action Plan; Monitoring of Water Quality; Recycling Sewage; Where we went wrong.

4. WASTE WATER TREATMENT : Types of Treatment; Brief Description of Chemical Treatment; Fundamentals of Biological Treatment; Criteria for the Application of Aerobic and Anaerobic Biological Treatment; Monitoring of the Efficiency of the Biological Treatment Plant; Types of Biological Treatment; Trickling Filter (TF); Activated Sludge; Oxidation Pond; Role of Microbes in Sludge Digestion and Disposal; Industrial Waste Treatment; Treatment for Various Industrial Effluents; Pulp and Paper Mill Waste; Treatment of the Paper Waste; Distillery Waste; Tannery Waste; Fertilizer Waste; Oil Refinery Waste.

5. WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT : Introduction; Demand of Water; Quantity of Water Needed; Domestic and Non-domestic Need of water; Fire Fighting Need of Water; Institutional Need of Water; Industrial Need of Water; Sources of Water; Surface Water; Ground Water; General Impurities Present in Water; Conventional Treatment Methods for Public Water Supply; Aeration; Coagulation and Flocculation; Quality Criteria for Alum and Lime as Coagulants; Filtration; Disinfection; Boiling; Hardness; Removal of Temporary Hardness; Removal of Permanent Hardness; System of Distribution; Zoning; Pipe Size and Residual Pressure; Laying and Maintenance of Mains; Wastage of Water; Protection against Pollution near Sewers and Drains Increstation and Corrosion of Delivery Pipes; Laboratory Method to Ascertain the Corrosive and Incrustating Nature.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

1. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH : Social Research: Concept, Objective and Scope; Definition; Basic Assumption of Social Research; Objectives of Research; Motivation in Research; Types of Research; Research Approaches; Sources of Data; Documentary Sources; Field Sources; Utility of Social Research; Qualities of a Good Research Worker, General Qualities; Specific Qualities; Criteria of Good Research; Problems Encountered by Researchers in India; Environmental Research.

2. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION : Schedule; Purpose of schedule; Essential of a Good Schedule; Procedure for forming a Schedule; Types of Questions; Questionnaire; Problem of Response Questionnaire; Factors Affecting Response; Interview; Kinds of Interviews; Structured Interviews; Unstructured Interview; Focused Interview; Repetitive Interview; Technique of Interview.

3. ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY : Introduction; Sampling; Frequencies and Number of Samples; Site of Water Sampling; Time Interval Between Collection of Water Samples and their Analysis; Methods of Water Sampling; Parameters Analysed on the Spot; Hydrogen-ion-concentration (pH); Estimation; Temperature Estimation; Turbidity/Transparency; Odour; Colour Estimation; Physio-Chemical Parameters.

4. SYSTEMS APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS : Water Supply and Water Quality; Waste Water Transport and Disposal System; Solid Waste Management; Air Quality Planning and Management; Law and Water Resources Development; Forest Eco-Systems.

5. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT : Sources and characteristics; Health and Environmental Implications; Economic Implications; Human Resources; Refuse Characteristics; Work Components of Refuse Collection; Collection from Communal Sites.

6. MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES : Short Title, Extent and Commencement; Application; Definition; Competent Authorities; Classification of Micro-organisms or Genetically Engineered Product.

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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

1. OZONE DEPLETION : Chemistry of the Ozone Layer; Studying the Antarctic Ozone Hole; Ozone Depletion in Other Latitudes; Effects on Life; Nations Joining to Protect the Ozone Layer; A New Global Ozone Diplomacy; Experimenting with Planet Earth.

2. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE : Introduction; Conventions; Scorecard of the Historic Meet; Scientific Programmes and Other Activities of International Organisations; Issues Involved; Magnitude of the Change; The Greenhouse Effect.

3. SEA LEVEL RISE : Impact of Future Global Warming on Sea Level; Future Trends in Local Sea Level; Effect of Sea Level Rise; Sea Level Rise and its Impact on South Asia; Human Dimension and Sea Level Rise; Morphologic Processes and Human Interference;.

4. ANTARCTICA : ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT REGIMES : Historical Perspective; Geographical Setting; Physiography; Climate; Resource Base; Living Resources; Non-Living Resources.

5. MARINE RESOURCES : INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Nonliving Resources of India’s EEZ : A General Account; Nonliving Resource of India’s EEZ: A Classified Account.

6. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: Introduction; Sustaining Development; What is Development ? What is Sustainable ? Weighing Costs and Benefits; Economic Activity and the Environment; Key Links: The Nature of the Challenge.

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