Flood Hazards, Control and Management :

Floodplains, Causes of Floods, Floods and Forests, Floods and Environmental Risks, Embankments : Some Technical Problems, The World Bank's Action Plan, Floods and Event Modification, Flood Diversion Measures, Floods and Droughts, Floods and Economic Issues, Protection of Rice Crops by Compartmentalization, Limitations of the Compartmentalization Scheme, Management Implications, Floods and Loss- Sharing, Floods and Vulnerable Urban Poor, Floods and Vulnerability Modification, Adjustments of Rice Cropping, Floods and Flood Control in Bangladesh, The Setting, The 1988 Floods : Enter the French, Flood Prevention Versus Flood Management, Flood Control of India, Where Nothing Remains Sacred Now, Getting a Raw Deal and Little Else, A Litany of Forgotten Promises, Floods in the Himalayas, Floods in China, Floods in Netherlands, Institutional Environment of Dutch Water Defence, Current Dutch Policy : Safety First and Economy Versus Ecology, Rigid and Flexible Water Defence Systems, Impediments to Change, Future Dutch Policy : Economy and Ecology, Other Flood Experiences, Flood Adaptations, An Agro-Hydrological Model of Normal and Abnormal Floods in Bangladesh, Flood Control in Poor Countries.

Dams and dambursts :

Environmental Planning and Design of Dams, Historical Aspects, Growth of Concern with Environmental Management, Dams, Barrages and River Diversions, Creation of the Lake, Tree Removal and Tree Planting, Influence on Climate, Archaeological and Anthropological Relics, Dam Safety, Aesthetics, Political Involvement, Legal Aspects, Dams and Subsidizing Irrigation Water, Dams and Recreational Activity, Flora and Fauna, The Valley Downstream, Problems with Dams, Helping River Barges, The Downside of Flood Control, Dambursts, Dams and Damage to the Environment, The Demolition Option.

Tsunami and EI Nino :

Warn and Avoid, Tsunamis, EI Nino.

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Water and groundwater hazards :

Water Hazards, The Resource, The Human Framework, Groundwater Rise, The Scale of the Problem, Agriculture, Land use and Water, Industrial Water Use, Causes of Rising Groundwater, Urban Areas and Water, Urban Water Supply, Urban Effluent, Cities and Streamflow, Water Impoundment.

Sea level rise :

Measuring Sea Level Rise, Future Sea-Level Change Tendencies, Impacts of Sea Level Rise, Impacts on the Environment and Engineering Countermeasures, Impacts on South-Asian Region, Land and Coastline Features of the SAS Region, Ocean Circulation and SW Monsoon, Tropical Cyclones and Storm Surges, Energy and International Collaboration, Impacts on Delta Areas, Coastal Zone Management and Sea Level Rise, Coastal Zone : Characteristics and Importance, Environmental Disruptions and their Implications, Management Issues, Summary and Conclusion, Coastal Wetlands and Sea-Level Rise, Speculations on Weak and Strong Sustainability, Intragenerational and Integenerational Equity, Specification of the Sustainability Inheritance Asset Portfolio, Very Weak Sustainability (Solow-Sustainability), Weak Sustainability (Modified Solow-Sustainability), Strong Sustainability (Ecological Economics Approach), Very Strong Sustainability (Stationary State Sustainability), Sandy Beaches and Sea-Level Rise, Historical Records, Techniques of Projecting Shore Retreat, Historical Trend Analysis, Bruun Rule, Sediment Budget Approach, Discussion and Conclusions, Impacts in Tropical and Subtropical Area, The Antarctic Ice Sheets, Chinese Experience, History and Characteristics of Sea-level changes in China, Cost-Benefit Verss the Precautionary Approach, SLR Coastal Wetlands and Coastal Zone Mitigation Strategies, Responding to Sea Level Rise, A Systems and Co-evolutionary Perspective for Sustainability, Water Table Control, Mitigation Measures.

Health and marine environment :

Protection of the Marine Environment, Protection of the Marine Environment, Issues at UNCED, Ocean and Coasts, Conditions and Trends.

Coastal and marine degradation :

Changes in the Coastal Zone, 1970-90, Coastal Erosion and Beach Protection, Wave Erosion, Erosion Due to Tidal Storms, Erosion Due to Nearshore Currents, Coastal Erosion Caused by Natural Features, Coastal Erosion Caused by Man-Made Structures, Protecting the Access to Artificial Inner Harbours by Providing, Jetties for Stablisation of Coastal Inlets, Coastal Debris and Cleanup, Coasts Habitat Destruction.

Marine Pollution :

Sources of Marine Pollution, Marine Pollution Trends and Responses, Fisheries and Aquaculture Trends, Aquaculture, Marine Pollution - A Biological Perspective, Oil Spills, Sources and Nature of Oil, Behaviour of Oils Spills, Countermeasures, Effects, Measures to Prevent Accidental Spills Accidental Discharges, Design Standards, Measures Taken After the Torresy Canyon Disaster.

Unclose iII :

The Law of the Sea Convention, History of Negotiations, The Legal Map of the Sea, General Obligation Under the Convention, Conference Resolutions, Reservation, Amendment and Withdrawal, A Regional Approach to Preventing Pollution, Focus on Coastal Pollution, Trends in Marine Pollution Control, Vulnerability of Coastal Waters to Pollution, Coordinating Pollution Control, Case Studies of Watershed/Coastal Management, Conventions for prevention of Pollution Originating from Land-Based Sources, Prevention of Pollution by Dumping of Harmful Substances, Land-based Pollution, Industrial Waste Excluding Thermal Discharge, London Dumping Convention, Practicalities of Implementation, The Future Strategies and Role, Long-Term Strategy, The New Law of the Sea and Protection of the Marine Environment, Vessel-based Pollution, Other Off-shore Activities, The 1954-1962 Standards for Tankers, The 1969 Standards, The 1971 Standards, The 1973 Standards, Special Areas, Segregated Ballast, Dedicated Ballast and Crude Oil Washing, Intervention Convention (1969), Decision-making, Fund Convention (1971), Oslo Convention (1972), Marpol (1973), Marpol, Decision-making, Paris Convention (1974), Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969, Decline of International Salvage Resources, Ship-Generated Marine Pollution, Marine Pollution Control, Special Compensation, Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, Sphere of Application, International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Convention for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971, MCO Negotiations 1967-1969, The Law of Compensation for Pollution Damage (1969), Community Interest in Marine Pollution Control, IMO and its Principle of "Clean Seas and Safe Ships", U.S. Oil Pollution Act, 1990, Status of Marine Pollution in India, Hazards of Marine Pollution, Organisation and Infrastructure for Combating Oil Pollution in the Seas Around India, Legislative Aspects, National Legislation and Role of Different Agencies in Control of Marine Pollution by Ships in Indian Waters, Legislation to Prevent Marine Pollution from Ships at National Level, The New USSR Legilsation on Pollution Prevention, Jurisdiction, Enforcement, Evaluation.

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Techniques of Marine Pollution control :

Effluent Tracing, Conclusion, Sediment Quality Criteria, Policy, Assessment of Environmentally- induced Immunomodulation, Fish Specimens, Collection of Kidney Macrophages, Collection of Peritomeal Macrophages, Chemotaxis Assay, Phagocytosis Assy, Pinocytosis Assay, Melanin Granule Accumulation, Chemiluminescence Assay, Uncertainty Consideration, Background, Equilibrium Partitioning Approach and Uncertainty Considerations, Discharges in marine Environment, Prevention.

Paper - III : Atmospheric Disasters :

Greenhouse Effect and global climate :

Ozone Depletion Issues, Carbon Dioxide and Plant Growth, Impact on Ecosystems, How the Greenhouse Effects Works, The Global Hothouse, Climate and Human Activity, Major Related Environmental Problems, Greenhouse Gases and Climate, Effects of Climatic Changes, Global Change in the Limelight, Growing Interest, The Evidence Mounts, Where Are We Headed ?, Future Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Future Carbon Dioxide Levels, Other Greenhouse Gases, Characteristics of Climate Problems, Global Radiation Energy Balance, Radiation-Convective Equilirbium, Radiative-Convective-Dynamic Interactions, Chemical Flows, Methane's Role, The Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle, Unknown Greenhouse Players, Increases of Greenhouse Gases, What is a Large Climate Change ?, Radiation Budget and Climate Change, Outstanding Problems, Measurement Challenges, Solar Irradiance and its Variability, Diurnal Variations in Earth's Radiation Fields, Clouds and Climate, Cloud-Radiative Forcing : A Simple Approach, Global Effects, Modelling the Greenhouse Effects, Verification of Models, Model Deficiencies, Impacts of Global Warming, Benefits and Problems, Effects on Tropical Rain Forests, Effects on Climate, Changes of Sea Level, Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Effects on Water Resources, Effects on Sea Levels, Adaptive Responses, Looking Ahead, Effects on Forests and Wildlife, Effects on Species, Effects on Agriculture, Effects on Electricity Demand, Study Results, Implications for Utility Planning, Effects on Industry, Perspective on Regulation, Effects on Utility Operations, Helping Society Respond to Climate Change, Responding to Climatic Change, Policy Implications, Setting Priorities, Initiatives, Earth Observing Systems, Climate Change and Public Policy, The Policy Challenge, Revising National Energy Policies, Beyond the Summer of '88, A Common Problem, Tie-in Strategies, World Food Supply Strategy.

Air Pollution and Acid Rain :

Urban Air Pollution, Air Pollution Impacts, Air Quality Monitoring, Air Quality in Megacities, Comparative Air Quality, Greenhouse Effect and Air Pollution, Trace Pollutants, Metals, Rapidly Rising Trace Gases, Acid Rain : Causes and Culprits, The Environmental Toll, A Man-Made Problem, Hidden Killers, Conservation Efforts : The Acid Test, Policy Model for Acid Rain in Asia, Acid Rain Problems, Air Quality Trends, Control Strategies, Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

Ozone depletion :

Face of Ozone, Tropospheric Changes, The Greenhouse Effect and Destruction of the Ozone Layer.

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Global and regional perspective on global warming :

Scientific Issues, A Scientific Consensus ?, Global Warming and Oceans, The Greenhouse Effects, Coastal Effects (Tide, Surge and Waves), Wind Effects, Summary of Greenhouse Effects on Coastal Structure, Sea-Level Rise, Physical Impacts, Chemical Pollution, Climatic Change, The Climatic Records, The Climate Systems, Global Changes, Regional Changes, Local Changes, Biological Impacts of Global Warming, Agricultural and Ecological Impacts, Global Warming and Canada, Problem Background, The Nature of the Greenhouse Effects of Increasing CO2, Policy Issues, Study of the Economic Impacts of the Greenhouse Effect, The Greenhouse Effect on the Canadian Prairies : A Case Study, Conclusions of the Case Study, Physical and Biological Impacts, The Canadian Climate Program, Canadian Research Activities, International Activities, Global Warming and The USA, Global Warming and Japan, Global Warming and the Netherlands, International Initiatives, Action in the Netherlands Today, Administration, Taxation and Planning, In Summary, Responding to Global Warming, Intergenerational Transfers and Global Warming, Greenhouse Gases, Economic Aspects of Global Warming, Irreversibility, International and Institutional Constraints, Can the Human Race be Saved, The Political Framework, Integenerational Equity, Intertemporal Choice and Ethical Criteria.

Earthquake :

Description of Phenomenon, Ground Shaking, Damage Potential of Ground Shaking, Characterization of Ground-Motion, Earthquakes Scales : Magnitude and Intensity, Landslides, "Quick" clays, Liquefaction, Information, Assessment and Mapping, Perception and Prediction of Earthquake, Prediction, Geological and Geographical Analysis, Strength, Movements, Adjustments, Vulnerability Modification Adjustments, Globe Experiences, Eastern Mediterranean, Magnitude and Ground Motions, Asia, Displacement Studies, Seismotectonic Studies, Equational Indian Ocean Seismicity, Internal Stresses Due to Interplate Deformations, Middle East, Cameroon, Data Acquisition, Events Detected, Lake Events, The Influence of Subsoil, The Vulnerability of Buildings, Building - Subsoil Interaction, Earthquake Recurrence, Catastrophic Loss, The Modified Mercalli Scale (MM) of 1931, The Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik Scale (MSK) of 1964, Intensity Scales, Albania, Hazard Assessment at National Level, Egypt, Cyprus, Bentonitic Clay Deposits and Landslides, Isoseismic Maps, the Himalayas, Zoning of Himalayan Region, Location of Inhabited Places, Population Density Around Epicentres, Magnitude of Earthquake and Spread of Damage Area, The Damages, Steps for Working out the Likely Damages in an Earthquake, Requirement of Management, India, Mitrigation and Management, USA, Preparation of the Intensity Distribution Map, Effects on Lifelines, Hayward Fault, Scenario Earthquake, Impact, Assessment, Earthquake Resistant Buildings, Past Earthquakes, Revised Draft Code, Empirical Relations for First Mode Period, Deformations, Detailing, Structural and Architectural Techniques, VE Dampers, Building with VE Damper, Validation of Analytical Model, Causes of Non-Structural Damage, Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Doors and Windows, Cladding, Wall Finishes, Parapet Walls, Landscape Element, Suspended Ceilings, Mitigation Plan, Risk, Approaches, Damage Versus Earthquake Resistance, Priority, Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Programme Components, Disaster Mitigation Programme in India, Emergency Action Plan, Conclusions, Rescue and Relief, Disaster Preparedness, Problems, Management of Rescue and Relief, Deployment of Search and Rescue Teams, Consequences and Insurance, The Direct and Indirect Cost, Risk and Insurance, Risk Analysis, Spreading the Risk, General and Special Problems, Research, U.S. Disasters, Answers, Reducing Hazards, Current Situation, Other Regions at Risk, Public Awareness and Risk Reduction, Learning from History, Trends in Urbanization, Financial Implications, Research Focus and Methodology, Research Results, Case Studies, Risk Mitigating Strategies, Event in Kalvan Taluka of Nashik District, Even in Sangamner Taluka of Ahmednagar District, Earthquake-prone Areas.

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Volcanism :

Description of Phenomenon, Monitoring and Warning, Vocano Monitoring, Using Satellite Images for Volcano Monitoring, Detection and Monitoring of Eruption Plumes, Weather Satellite Images, Eruption Early Warning from Satellites, Geographical and Geological Analaysis, Primary, Secondary, Adjustments, Event Modification, Vulnerability Modification, Global Experiences, Ecuador, Cotopaxi Volcano, Role of PHIVOLCS in Geologic Hazard Prediction and Mitigation, Implementation, Improvements, Colombia, Indonesia, Prediction and Containment, Impact Analysis, Reducing Structural Vulnerability, Risk Mitigation and Training.

Mass-movement hazards

Landslides, Rockfalls, Avalanches, Mudflows and Glaciers, Landslides and Rock-falls, Geology, Landslide Information, Snow Avalanches, Event Modification, Vulnerability Modification, Mudflows, Avalanches and Glaciers, Glacier Fluctuations, Case Histories from the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Types of Glacier Hazard, Laguna Paron, Risk Assessment, Landslide Hazard Potential Map (LHPM), Landslide Hazard Grading (LHG), Neotectonic Conditions, Tectonic Conditions, Final Landslide Hazard Potential (FLHP) Values, Susceptibility Maps, Disaster Mitigation, Zonation Mapping, Instrumentation and Monitoring, Stabilisation, Perspectives, Disaster Management, Some Techniques for Reducing Landslide Hazards.

Land degration and land use :

Land Degradation, Special Focus, Multiple-Use Conflicts and Land-Use, Causes of Land Degradation, Changes in Land Cover, Forests, Moist Tropical Rainforest, Grassland, The Continuing Conflict in Land-Use, Weltlands, Cultivation, Myths About Land Degradation, Energy and Public Land-Use, Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, Soil Alteration, Soil Erosion, Sediment Transfer, Settlements, Land and Society, Wilderness and Public Land, International Efforts to Preserve Land Resources, Public Land-Use, Planning and Management of Land Resources, Basis for Action, Objectives, Activities, Strengthening Planning and Management Systems, Promoting Application of Appropriate Tools for Planning and Management, Raising Awareness, Promoting Public Participation, Data and Information, International and Regional Coordination and Cooperation, Means of Implementation, Sources of Funds and Concessional Financing, Scientific and Technological Means, Testing Research Findings Through Pilot Projects, Human Resource Development, Capacity-Building, Strengthening Institutions, Alternatives, Economic Aspects, Social Aspects.

Droughts and famines :

Droughts, Droughts Vulnerability Assessment, Vulnerability Assessment, Mitigation Strategy, Drought Types and Responses, Meteorological Droughts, Induced "Droughts" : US and USSR, US Droughts : Spreading the Risk, Hydrological Droughts, Brazil : The Poor Pay for Disasters, Droughts and Famine, Agricultural Droughts, A Strategy for Getting Agriculture Moving in ESA, Seed Treatment, Results and Discussion, Case Studies : The Sahel Today, Latin America, The Indian Subcontinent, The Framework for Action, Resource Management During Droughts, Present Drought Management System in the States, Development of Drought Plan, Assessment System, Drought Identification, Drought Monitoring, Task Forest for Drought Impact Assessment, Response System, Drought Mitigation Mechanism, Summary and Recommendations, Drought Preparedness - Mitigation, Characteristics of a Socio-Economic System, Rainfall, Causes of Drought in India, Mitigation of Distress Due to Drought, Operation Restore Hope, Famine, Famine and Sub-Saharan Africa, Climate, Rain-fed Agriculture, Causes of Famine, Famine Preparedness and Prevention, Response to Famine Situations, External Response and Famine Relief, Health Consequences of Famine, The International Economic Environment and Famine, Synthesis.

Deserts and desertification :

Desertification, Responses, Deserts, Global Programmes of Action, Desertification : A Challenge for NGOs, Trade, Poverty and Desertification, Macro-Economic Policy, Institutional Link, , Resources to Break the Link. Principles of a Framework for a Convention, UN Convention on Desertification, Article 1. Use of Terms, Article 2, Objectives, Article 3, Principles, Article 4. General Obligations, Article 5. Obligations of Affected Country Parties, Article 6. Obligations of Developed Country Parties, Article 7. Priority for Africa, Article 9. Relationship with other Conventions, Article 9. Basic Approach, Article 10. National Action Programmes, Article 11. Subregional and Regional Action Programmes, Article 12. International Cooperation, Article 13. Support for the Elaboration and Implementation of Action Programmes, Article 14. Coordination in the Elaboration and Implementation of Action Programmes, Article 15. Regional Implementation Annexes, Article 16. Information Collection, Analysis and Exchange, Article 17. Research and Development, Article 18. Transfer, Acquisition, Adaptation and Development of Technology, Article 19. Capacity Building, Education and Public Awareness, Article 20. Financial Resources, Article 21. Financial Mechanisms, Article 22. Conference of the Parties, Article 23, Permanent Secretariat, Article 24. Committee on Science and Technology. Article 25. Networking of Institutions, Agencies and Bodies, Article 26. Communication of Information, Article 27. Measures to Resolve Questions on Implementation, Article 28. Settlement of Disputes, Article 29. Status of Annexes, Article 30. Amendments to the Convention, Article 31. Adoption and Amendment of Annexes, Article 32. Right to Vote, Article 33. Signature, Article 34. Ratification, Acceptance, Approval and Accession, Article 35. Interim Arrangements, Article 36. Entry Into Force, Article 37. Reservations, Article 38. Withdrawal, Article 39, Depositary, Article 40. Authentic Texts, Land Degradation : Causes, The Sahalian Crisis, The Need for Grassroot Support, NGO Strategies and Senses, Provisional Agenda for the INCD Ist Substance Session in Nairobi.

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Impact on Agriculture, Socio-economic Response, The Crisis Ahead, Dryness, Wildfines, Third World Perspectives and Programmes, The Drying of India's Venice, Some Facts, Analaysis, Stripped Bare, Sandmined to Sudden Death, Sandmining Permits, Pollution in the Pamba, Critical Issues of Allocation of Water, Water Pollution : Water Quality, Classes of Water Pollutants, Pollutant Trace Elements in Water, Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Metal-Organic Combinations in Water, Cyanide and Other Inorganic Chemical Species in Water, Asbestos in Water, Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication, Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment, Acidity, Alkalinity and Salinity, Sewage and Water Pollution, Soaps, Detergents and Detergent Builders, Trace Organic Pollutants and Biorefractory Compounds in Water, Pesticides in Water, PCB's and PBB's.

Population Extinction and Saving Biodiversity, Species and Subspecies, Species at Risk, Loss of Biological Diversity, Ecosystems, Species, Population Diversity and Extinction Rate, Rates of Population Loss, Patterns of Impact on Species, Forest and Wetland Drainage, Freshwater Wetlands, Mangroves, Significance of Wetland Loss, Flora, The Magic of Herbs : Not All Superstition, Cure for Leprosy, Exploring Transgenic Plants, Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants, Terrestrial Fauna, Marine Animals, Increasing Bacterial Infections : A Never Ending Eight, Pathogens, Charges in Other Habits, Responses, Significance of Population Extinctions, Species Extinction Rate, Threats to Biodiversity, Ecological Consequence Assessment, Question of Uncertainty and Risk, Biodiversity and the Precautionary Principle, Available Methods in Ecological Assessment, Pathology, Toxicology Paradigm, Ecosystem Structural Analysis, Ecosystem Functional Analysis, Nonspecies Effects, Responses to Biodiversity Conservation, Policy Responses.

Deforestation and loss of biological diversity :

Loss in Species, Management for Species Diversity, Deforestation, Wetland Drainage, Loss of Ecological Services, Deforestation by Human Action, Tropical Forest Resources, The Destruction of the Tropical Rain Forests, Regional Development Strategies for Amazonia and their Importance for the Destruction of the Forests, The Programmes of National Integration (PIN) in the First Half of the 70's, The Polamaonia Programmes from 1974 Onwards, Tropical timber Production and Trade, Deforestation and Species Extinctions, The Plantations as Foster Ecosystems for Diverse Forests, Managing Changes in Biodiversity, Disposing of the Timber, Reduced Industrial Wood Harvests, Natural Forests Expansion, Carbon Sequestering Implications, Causes of Deforestation, Increases Population Pressure in Amazonia, The Effect of Global Climatic Change, Future Climate, Species Response to Climate Change, Tropical Deforestation and Climatic Change, Introduction : The Putative Linkages, Review of Tropical Deforestation Rates, Management Implications, Land Area and Economic Costs, Impacts at Local Level, Impacts at Regional Level, Impacts at Global Level : The 'Greenhouse Effect', Potential synergistic Interactions, Policy Respercussions, Summary, The Energy-Related "Plano 2010" and its Effects on Amazonia, Direct and Indirect Environmental Impacts of Timber Extraction, Policy Options, Forests : A Tool to Moderate Global Warming, Matching Trees to Climate, Economics of Preservation of Biodiversity, Policy Implications, The Timber Trade as an Incentive for Forest Conservation, Measure to Conserve Biological Diversity, Combating Deforestation : Basis for Action, Activities, Means of Implementation, Activities, Means of Implementation, Means of Implementation, Means of Implementation.

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Biotechnology and genetic manipulation :

Biotechnology and Biodiversity : Issues of Biodiversity, The Emergence of Biotechnology, Public Awareness of Biotechnology, Biotechnology : Various Aspects, New Biotechnology, The Technocentric Promises of Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology Techniques, The Control Germplasm and the New Biotechnologies, Engineering Nitrogen - Fixation, The Mismanagement of Genetic Engineering, Implications of Genetically Manipulated Organisms, Biotechnology : Ethical Problems, Environmental Risks, Biological Warfare Capabilities, Dangerous Trends in Agricultural Biotechnology, Nicanor Perlas, Biotechnologies and Factory Farming, Private Control of Biotechnology Research, Can there be Appropriate Agricultural Biotechnology ?, New Problems : Biotechnology and Environmental Risks, Risk Assessment, The Risks of Field Testing, Agribusiness Restructuring : The Hidden Agenda, Opposition to the Commercial Agenda, Evaluation of Test Methods, Summaries of Selected Method Categories, Brazil : A Case History, Seeds - Breeding Extinction, Natural Gene Banks, Crop Evolution, The Suitability and Applicability of Risk Assessment Methods, The Risk Assessment Framework, Suitability and Applicability of Available Methods, The Politics of Germplasm, Available Risk Assessment Methods for Environmental Introductions, Managing the Hazards of Genetic Engineering, International Regulations and Control of Biotechnology, Biosafety.

Biosafety and CBD :

Regulations of Bio Safety, Why Developing Countries most Need a Protocol, Biosafety and Environmental Security, International Policy-Making on Deliberate Release of GMOs, Rationale, Scope and Modalities, Biosafety and CBD, Ecological Risk and Deliberate GMO Release, Convention on Biological Diversity : Preamble.

Introduction :

Tropical Cyclones, Water Related Hazards, Cyclonic Storms in Bay of Bengal, Storm Surges in Bay of Bengal, Impacts of Cyclonic Storms Along East Coat of India, Coastal Floods, Intensification of Hazards Due to Human Interference, Management, River and Coastal Floods, Temperature Extremes and Wildfires, Physiological Hazards.

Flood forecasting mitigation planning and management :

Flood Forecasting, Methods of Flood Forecasting, Case Study of Narmada Basin, Mitigation Planning in a Flood-Prone Area, The Phenomenon, Effects of the Phenomenon, Options, The Indian Scenario, Past Scenario, Conclusions and Recommendations, Floodplain Management, Characteristics and Identification, Measures to Mitigate Flood Damage, Economic Considerations, Flood Hazard and Risk Assessment, Legal Aspects, Institutional Arrangements, Case Studies, Country reports, Applicability to the ESCAP Region, Flood Management, General Flood Management Model, Integrated Flood Management Information System (IPMIS), Major Steps in IFMIS Development, IFMIS Features, Implementation of IFMIS in Orissa, Principles of Flood Plain Management, Term Defined, Risk-Reduction Measures for Flood-Prone Areas, Flood-prone Areas.

Tropical cyclones

Tropical Cyclones, Structure of Tropical Cyclone, Disaster Management and Mitigation Measures, Nature of Tropical Cyclones, Cyclone Experience of Bangladesh, Preparedness Measures, Public Information Through Media B, Public Response, Relief and Rehabilitation, International Response, Tropical Cyclones and their Warning Systems, Special Nature of the Problem in the Region, Classification, Protection of Building from Cyclones in India, Studies At C.B.R.I., Precautions Before and During Cyclone, Suggestions for Cyclone-resistant Construction, Tropical Cyclone Warning Strategy in India, The Cyclone Problem, Management Strategy, Science, Communications, Response, Coordination, The Future, Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal, Cyclones in the Bay of Bangle : Pattern and Incidence, Clones in the Bay of Bengal, Tracks of Cyclonic Storms, Tropical Cyclone Hazard : South China Sea, Data and Methodology, Arial Extent of the Tropical Cyclone Hazard Potential, Spatial Dispersion of the Tropical Cyclone Hazard Potential, EI Nino/Non-EI Nino contrasts in the Tropical Cyclone Hazard Potential, Possible Atmospheric Circulation Mechanisms Controlling the Spatial Dimension of the Tropical Cyclone Hazard Potential, Conclusions, Robust Foundation System for Cyclone Prone Areas, Impact of Cyclonic Wind on Structures and Mitigation, Anchored Granular Pile System, Materials of construction and cost, Preliminary DesignCalculations, Wind Load Calculations, Cyclone Ris, and Engineering, Introduction, Hazard Assessment Vulnerability Assessment, Risk Assessment, Information Technology and Risk Assessment, SocietialParticipation in the Building Process, Cyclone-prone Areas, Changing the Functional Characteristics of Settlements, Impact of Cyclones, Impact of Cyclones on People of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, cyclones in Andhra Pradesh during 1901-1947, Cyclones Since Independence, Impact of Cyclones on Orissa, Some Cases of Cyclonic Storms in Orissa After 1970, Assessment and Management of Impact, A Suggestive Strategy, Disaster Management, Occupational Rehabilitation, Voluntary and Non-Governmental Organisations, Engineering Aspect of Cyclone Disaster Mitigation, International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, SAARC and Regional Cooperation in Management of Natural Disasters, Some Recommendations, Conclusion, Vulnerability Modification, Event Modification, Loss-Sharing.

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Storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, lightning and frost disasters :

Thunderstorms, Severe Winter Storms, Severe Summer Storms, Causes and Types of Floods and Associated Hazards, Vulnerability of Floods and Tropical Storms, Flood and Storm Damage, Homelessness and Infrastructure Distruption, Health Effects, Mitigation and Preparedness Measures, Conclusions, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Lightning, Frost Hazards in Agriculture, Wildfire Hazards, Frost Hazards on Highways.

Introduction :

Industrial Consumption and Waste Generation, Natural Hazard and Industrial Facilities, Financial Settlement of Bhopal Gas Disaster, Man-Made Hazards and Industrial Facilities, Toxic Chemicals and the Environment, Assessment of Human Exposure to Lead, Chemicals in the Environment : Need for Action, Disaster and Communication, Noise Pollution - Impact Analysis, The Noise Pollution, The Impact Analysis, Noise Sources, National and International Standards, Noise Control, Management on Railways, Disaster Anticipatory Measures, Managerial Preparedness, Action During Flood Disasters, Cyclone Damages on Guddur-Vijayawada Section in 1979, Cyclonic Damages on Madras-Guntur Section in 1984, Methodology in Sub-Himalayan Area, Disaster Mitigation Using GIS Technology, Importance, Disasters and Their Major Characteristics, Natural Disasters, Floods, Droughts, Cyclone, Pandemics, Man-Made Disasters, Industrial Disasters, Disaster Preparedness, Environmental Management Practices and Trends in the Chemicals Industry, Seeking Solutions, Corrective Policies, Preventive Policies, Residue Disposal, Recycling, Waste Storage, Information Politices, Toxic Chemicals : International Register, Organic and Principles of IRPTC, The IRPTC Network and its Operations, IRPTC's Future, IRPTC and UNEP Activities, National Correspondents, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Exchange of Information on Banned Hazardous Chemicals and Unsafe Pharmaceutical Products, International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organisation (WHO), News About Chemicals, Alkyl Benzenes, Aristolochic Acid, Asbestos (I), Asbestos (II), Bismuth, Cadmium, dioxin, Ethylene Dibromide, Lead, Methylmercury, Nitrosamines, Paraquat, Saccharin, Styrene, Ticlopidine (Ticlid).

Mining disasters :

Mining and Environment, Environmental Impacts, Mining in India, Land Degradation and Reclamation, Environment Management, Suggestions, Disasters Due to Mine Subsidence, Subsidence Problems in Mining Areas, Mining and ELA, Indian Scenario, Environmental Methodology, Biological Environment, Socio-Cultural Environment, Noise Levels, Case Studies, Summary, Calamities of Fire and Explosion in Coal Mines, Hazards of Fire in Mines, Disasters of Mine Fire and Its Diagnostics, Fire and Explosion - A Preventive Thought, Prevailing Conditions, Legislative Structures for Control of Fire, Mining and Environmental Degradation, Limestone Mining in Sirmur and Dehradun-Mussoorie Area, Khaniar Slate Quarries, Rock Salt Mines of Mandi, Proposed Cement Plant at Cheetru, Remedial Measures, Impacts of Mining Projects, The Cyclical Pattern of Instability, Project Development Cycle, Economic Consideration, Resource Demands, Environmental Impacts, Health Risks, Open-Cast Mining : Environmental Impacts, Land Degradation, Hydrology and Water Pollution, Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Noise Pollution, Vibration Problem, Occupational Health and Safety, Human Resettlement, Environmental Management Plan (EMP), Environment Management in Mining, Dimensions of Deforestation Problems, Economics of Environmental Control on a Mining Industry, Environmental Impact Assessment - A Wholistic Approach, Summing up and Submission, Mines Wastes Hadling, Immediate Soil Replacement, Direct Treatment, Establishment of Vegetation, Mining and Mine Land Reclamation, Consequences of Mining Operations, Satellite Remote Sensing in Assessment of the Consequences of Mining Operations, Forest Conservation and Mineral Conservation, Sustainable Mining : Environmental Aspects of Planning, US Coal Mines : Control of Environmental Impacts, Adverse Impacts During Prelaw Mining, Reclamation Laws, Effective Regulatory Program, Performance Standards, Permits, Performance Bonds, Inspection and Enforcement, Control of Pollution in Mining Industry, Overview, Principle Project Objectives and Conclusions, The Approach, Work Programme, Situation Analysis/Problem Appreciation, Laboratory Trials, Field Trials, Conclusions and Recommendations.

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War, chemicals and the environment :

Military Consumption and Environment, Environmental Impacts of Military Activity, Hazardous Wastes, Ignitability, Corrosivity, Reactivity, Toxicity, Conclusion, The Nature of Hazardous Wastes, Hazardous Wastes Fixation, The Hazardous Waste Threat, Risks Associated with Hazardous Chemicals, Chemical Classifications of Hazardous Wastes, Industrial Production of Hazardous Wastes, Municipal Solid Waste, Solid Wastes from Non-Municipal Sources, Base Convention (1989) : Objectives, rules and Standards, Monitoring/Implementation, Decision-making, Publications, Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Caused During Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland Navigation Vessels, (CRTD), Nuclear War, Nuclear Technology, The Global Concern, The Problem, Civil Liberties, Institutional Framework, The Indian Discourse, Alternatives, Human Dimensions, Safety of Indian Nuclear Power Plants, Radioactive Wastes, Environmental Monitoring, Human Resource Development for a Nuclear Power Station, confidence Building Measures in Villages Surrounding The Station, Action Needed for Improving Public Awareness Programmes at NPPs for Strengthening the Human Aspects, Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages (1963), Affiliated Protocols, Annexes and Organizations, Rules and Standards, Monitoring/Implementation, Decision-making, rules and Standards, Monitoring/Implementation, Decision-making, Objectives, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Objectives, Organization, Activities, Decision-Making Bodies, Finance, Publications and Databases, Biological Weapons, Pesticides, Environmental Warfare, Remnants of War, Refugees, Emergence of Technological Hazards, Other Industries, Trends in Military Activity and Consumption, Arms Trade, Post-war Clean Up, Armed to the Teeth : Now What.

Case studies :

Vietnam Study, Continuous Warfare : Damage Estimates, A New Revolution, Unique Flooded Forest, French Nuclear Tests in South Pacific Study, Kuwait-Iraq Study, The Cheernobyl Disaster, Control of Toxic Chemicals and Chemical Pollution in India, The Bhopal Disaster, Decision-Takes at Carbide, Regulating Hazardous Industries in India, National Technology Policy Statement 1993, Preamble, Technology and Society, Technology and Environment, Human Skills, Thrust Area, Role for Research, Development & Engineering (R&DE), Resources for R&DE, Linkages, Policy Implementation, Monitoring and Review, Pakistan, Environment Management, Strategies for Environment Management, Egypt, Environmental Hazards of Agrochemicals in Developing Countries, Tanzania, Czechoslovakia, General Problems of Toxic Substances, The Hygiene Service, Toxic Substances in the Air, Toxic Substances in Water, Toxic Substances in the Soil, Toxic Substances in the Biosphere, Toxic Substances in Food, United Kingdom, Sweden, Regulations on Chemicals and Chemical Products, Pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphynyls (PCBs), Cosmetics, European Community, Elements of a Preventive Approach, Regulation in the European Economic Community (EEC), The Sixth Amendment, Development Towards Further Regulation in the EEC, Summary, United States of America, Why have so Many Toxic Chemical Control Laws been Passed in the U.S. ?, The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)The Prevention Mandate : Testing, Premanufacture, Notification, Record-keeping/Reporting, Control, Notification and Review of New Chemicals, The Co-ordination Mandate, International Activities, Australia, National Scheme to Assess Hazardous Chemicals, United Nations.

International responses and action plans :

Segregation and Recovery of Hazardous Waste Components, Innovative Approaches to Pollution Control, Broad Categorization-Principal characteristics and Pollutional Potential, Methods of Treatment, Role of Bio-Technology, Emerging Technologies in Industrial Effluent Treatment, Futuristic Approach, Role of Consulting Engineers, Future Technological Risks and Adjustments, Loss-Sharing Adjustments, Compensation, Insurance, Event Modification, Vulnerability Modification, Technology and the Environment, The Legacy of Pollution-Prone Technologies and Some Economic Issues, National Environmental Policies in OECD Countries, Issues Relating to the Level and Structures of Environmental R&D, Progress in Environmental Protection Through End-of-Pipe, Pollution Control Technologies, Critical Issues in Policymaking, Some Policy Conclusions, Technical Cooperation Among Developing Countries, Technology Transfer and Environmental Protection, Technological Competence the Crucial Factor, A Dual Challenge for the Industrial Nations, The Greening of Technology, A Luddite Recants, Institutionalizing Innovation.

All admitted students will be working on a particular topic approved by the Institute for preparing the Master's Thesis to be submitted before appearing in the second year examination. The topic of the Master's Thesis may be related to contemporary, natural and man-made disasters, war and civil strife, epidemics, risk assessment, disaster mitigation and management, earthquake, flood hazards, hydrological disasters, dambursts, tsunami and el nino, ground water hazards, sea level rise, marine pollution, coastal disasters, atmospheric disasters, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, acid rain, global warming, geological disasters, volcano monitoring, landslides, rockfalls, mudflows, glaciers, land degradation, droughts, famines, desertification, wildfires, deforestation, tropical cyclones, flood forecasting, storms, frost and mining disasters.

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